Тип публикации: статья из журнала
Год издания: 2026
Идентификатор DOI: 10.17223/19988591/74/6
Ключевые слова: Yenisei River, hydromorphological zones, macrozoobenthos, water quality, Principal Component analysis, integral indicator, енисей, гидроморфологические участки, макрозообентос, качество вод, метод главных компонент, интегральный показатель
Аннотация: На основе структурных характеристик зообентоса рассчитан комплекс биоиндикационных показателей с целью оценки экологического состояния крупной реки Енисей. Для обобщения множества индексов и метрик применялся подход на основе методов многомерной статистики, что позволило выявить общий градиент загрязнения вдоль всего неоднородного Показать полностьюпродольного профиля Енисея и ранжировать контрольные станции в единой системе градаций качества воды. Наилучшее качество вод выявлено в верховье Енисея, что напрямую связано с доминированием в зообентосе комплекса EPT и высоким видовым разнообразием. Ниже плотин крупных ГЭС наблюдалось ухудшение качества вод, а поступление вод р. Ангары, напротив, оказывало благоприятное влияние. В низовье в условиях равнинного течения зафиксированы обеднение донной фауны и снижение качества вод. Наилучшее качество вод зафиксировано на участках реки с твёрдыми незаиленными субстратами, а наихудшее - с песчаными. Выявлено, что в р. Енисей количество таксонов и видовое разнообразие сообществ зообентоса не всегда коррелируют с градиентом загрязнения в связи с естественной трансформацией донной фауны вдоль продольного русла реки и обилием толерантных видов. Использованный метод многомерной статистики позволяет учитывать несогласованность различных индексов и метрик при оценке экологического состояния водных экосистем смешанного типа. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Biological control is often prioritized in assessing the ecological status of water bodies, with zoobenthos organisms widely recognized as the most effective indicators. It is recommended to employ an integrated approach that incorporates a variety of bioindicators. However, the absence of a universally accepted scale diminishes the sensitivity of these indicators to pollution gradients, leading to inaccuracies in water quality classification. To address this, various composite indices based on multiple biotic metrics have been proposed as comprehensive measures of water quality. An alternative method for synthesizing numerous factors and indicators involves the use of multivariate statistical techniques, specifically classification approaches based on different similarity metrics. This study aims to evaluate the ecological condition of the large, mixed-type Yenisei River using a complex bioindication index developed through multivariate statistical methods. The Yenisei River flows through central Russia in a northward meridional direction. It has a length of 3,487 km and a catchment area of 2.58 million km². Based on geographical conditions, water regime, and the structure of the valley and channel, the Yenisei River is typically divided into three sections: the mountainous Upper, the semi-mountainous Middle, and the flat Lower sections. The study material for this work consists of zoobenthos samples collected during expeditionary studies of the Yenisei River in 2015 and 2016 from five major areas along the river channel, including the delta. Zoobenthos samples were collected from both banks, primarily in the riparian zone of the river. The locations of the sampling stations are available on the geoportal of the Institute of Computational Modelling of SB RAS (http://gis.krasn.ru/go/n5p8). A set of 13 bioindication indices was calculated based on the structural characteristics of benthic communities: number of species in a sample (n), Shannon diversity index (H), Balushkina chironomid index (K), Goodnight oligochaete index (G), EPT indices (number of species in a sample EPTn, abundance EPTN and relative abundance EPTW% of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies), FBI, IBGN, BMWP, ASPT, ratio of the number of species and abundance of the EPT group to chironomids (EPTn/Chn and EPTN/ChN). To analyze the consistency of indices and metrics with respect to water quality, a correlation analysis was performed. Only relationships with a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.5 and significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level were considered. The influence of soil type on the values of water quality indices was evaluated using ANOVA based on parametric criteria, accounting for differences in variance among groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to construct and justify an integral water quality index. To classify the stations by water quality, hierarchical clustering was applied using Euclidean and Ward distances within and between clusters, respectively. Clustering was performed in the space of three principal components, which enhanced cluster stability and clarity. The primary inhabitants of the soils in most parts of the Yenisei River are amphipods, chironomids, and oligochaetes (Fig. 1). Representatives of the EPT indicator group (mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies) reach their greatest abundance only in the upper Yenisei River (section 1), where lithorheophilic biocenoses predominate. Below the reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Plant (HPP) (section 2), phytophilic biocenoses are widespread and densely populated by amphipods. From the dam of the Krasnoyarsk HPP to the mouth of the Angara River (section 3), chironomids and amphipods dominate. Below the mouth of the Angara River (section 4), the proportion of oligochaetes increases, and in the lower reaches (section 5), they constitute half of the benthic communities. The species composition of invertebrates increases downstream from 48 to 120 species but decreases to 51 in the lower reaches. The species richness of the EPT complex declines downstream, while chironomids and oligochaetes increase. All indices and metrics consistently indicate higher water quality in the upper reaches of the river (section 1) (Table 1), which is directly related to the dominance of the EPT complex in the zoobenthos and high species diversity. ANOVA results show that the best water quality is associated with solid, nonsilted substrates, whereas the worst is linked to sandy biotopes (Table 2). Correlation analysis reveals a weak agreement of the n, H, G, and K indices with other water quality indicators (Fig. 2); conversely, the EPTn, BMWP, and IBGN indices can replace or complement each other. Principal component analysis identifies three main components that explain 85% of the variance in the original data. Interpretation of the principal components indicates that the first component (PC1) corresponds to water quality, as all bioindication indices load significantly on it (Tables 3 and 4). The second and third principal components (PC2 and PC3) reflect inconsistencies in water quality assessment between species diversity indicators (n and H) and other indices, specifically EPT metrics in PC2 and organic pollution indicators (G, FBI) in PC3. An integral indicator, constructed as the projection of all indices and metrics onto the axes PC1, PC2, and PC3, enabled assessment of the Yenisei River water quality within a unified system (Table 5). The best water quality, classified as "conventionally clean," was found in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River (section 1). Further downstream, water quality gradually deteriorates, and after the reservoir of the Krasnoyarsk HPP (section 3), the water is mainly classified as "dirty." After the confluence of the Angara River (section 4), an improvement to "polluted" and "weakly polluted" is observed, likely due to a reduction in biogen levels caused by dilution. However, below the mouth of the Sym River, under conditions of hydrological transformation - such as a decrease in channel slope, reduced flow velocity, and the accumulation of silt deposits - water quality deteriorated, causing the entire lower reaches of the Yenisei River to be classified as "dirty." The article contains 3 Figures, 5 Tables, and 31 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Журнал: Вестник Томского государственного университета. Биология
Выпуск журнала: № 74
Номера страниц: 100-121
ISSN журнала: 19988591
Место издания: Томск
Издатель: Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет